Elizabeth davis, department of clinical sciences, ksucvm and dr. It bears many similarities to human herpes viruses, including those that cause chicken pox, cold sores and genital herpes. Equine herpes virus ehv1 is a neurological disease that affects equine and camelids. The abortogenic and neurologic strains of ehv1 are category 1 restricted matter under the biosecurity act 2014. Equine herpesvirus an overview sciencedirect topics. Thoracic radiographs showed signs of pneumonia with. Overview of herpesvirus infections infectious diseases. Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy ehm, although a relatively uncommon manifestation of equine herpesvirus1 ehv1 infection, can cause devastating losses on individual farms or boarding stables. Equine herpesvirus definition equine herpesvirus is a common dna virus that occurs in horse populations worldwide. Older horses are more likely to transmit the virus without showing signs of. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version.
Pdf equine herpesvirus infections in horses remain a significant cause of abortion and neurologic disease. Fortunately, this virus is very speciesspecific, meaning that humans do not catch equine herpes virus, and vise versa. Equine herpes virus priors farm equine vet east sussex. Equine herpesviruses ehvs are ubiquitous alpha viruses that cause respiratory tract disease, abortions, neurological disease, neonatal foal death, and chorioretinopathy. Although virus isolation should be attempted during outbreaks, it is timeconsuming and can lack sensitivity.
Initial spread of ehv1 by a newly introduced horse through direct and indirect contact can lead to abortion and perinatal infection in up to 70 percent of a previously unexposed herd. Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy usually occurs in outbreaks of neurological disease5 and is unique amongst the causes of infectious neurological disease in that it does not require a vector. Laboratory findings included leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia and hypoxemia. Equine herpesvirus definition of equine herpesvirus by the. Ehv1 also known as rhinopneumonitis can cause respiratory diseases. It is believed that almost all horses older than two years of age have been exposed to it. Choose from 500 different sets of herpes virus equine flashcards on quizlet. Mike moore, kansas state veterinary diagnostic laboratory recent news accounts across the nation have brought much attention in the equine world to the neurological form of equine herpes virus ehv. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy california department. There are five known subtypes in horses, but equine herpes virus 1 ehv1 and ehv4 are the two. Almost all horses have been infected with the virus and have no serious side effects.
To localize the genes for the major glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus 1 ehv1, a library of the ehv1 genome was constructed in the agtll expression vector. The exposure of the virus to horses occurs very early in life. Although ehv2 has been implicated in immunosuppression in foals, upper respiratory tract disease, conjunctivitis, general malaise and poor performance, its precise role as a pathogen remains uncertain. Clinical signs of involvement of the respiratory system with. Equine herpesvirus infection merck veterinary manual. This viral strain is the most common cause of a vasculitis that affects the blood vessels of the cns and reproductive tract of adult horses. Equine herpesvirus 1 ehv1 is a virus of the family herpesviridae that causes abortion, respiratory disease and occasionally neonatal mortality in horses. Learn herpes virus equine with free interactive flashcards. Ehv1 creates four manifestations of disease in horses, including the neurological form, respiratory disease, abortion, and neonatal death. Equine herpesvirus 1 an overview sciencedirect topics. The virus is similar to that which causes chickenpox and shingles in human beings.
Mike moore, kansas state veterinary diagnostic laboratory recent news accounts across the nation have brought much attention in the equine world to. Ideally, all horses should be vaccinated against equine herpes viruses 1 and 4 to reduce the incidence of herpesvirus diseases and to minimize the shedding of virus into the horse environment see below. Nine equine herpesviruses ehv have been known to infect equines. Mar 10, 2017 the equine herpes virus family is better known for ehv1 and ehv4, which cause the chronic respiratory infection known as rhinopneumonitis that can occasionally develop into a paralyzing neurological disease, as well as ehv3, which causes a venereal disease called equine coital exanthema. Ehv3 has an incubation period of as little as two days. Neurologic equine herpes virus ehv1 usu extension utah. There are two different strains of ehv1 found in the environment. When a single virus neutralization titer is very high typically 1. Equine herpesvirus 2 ehv2 infection in thoroughbred.
Equine herpes virus 1 is a subset of herpes virus found in horses. This infection is systemic, most commonly causing upper respiratory infections, lesions that are visible and internal, and genital infections. Equine herpes virus ehv can affect the respiratory, reproductive, and nervous systems causing a wide variety of diseases. Ehv4 has been associated with sporadic cases of abortion, but not the large outbreaks. Equine herpes virus ehv can affect the respiratory, reproductive, and. Equine herpesvirus2 eye infection the horse owners resource. Equine herpesvirus ehv is a contagious viral infection which can cause respiratory disease, abortions and neurological disease. In order to combat the equine diseases, it is imperative not only to understand the epidemiology, mode of transmission, and therapeutic strategies for growing pathogenesis of deadly microbes but also its detrimental impact on the equine industries.
Jan 27, 2010 the clinical picture in the natural host is comparable to human herpesvirus 1 hhv1, herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in humans with mild mucocutaneous lesions upon primary infection, latency in sensory ganglia, and virus reactivation benson et al. Ehv1 infection in horses can cause respiratory disease, abortion in mares, neonatal foal death. Neurological signs appear as a result of damage to blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord associated with ehv infection. Quantitative pcr qpcr is more sensitive and rapid, and has become the test. Direct contact with virus containing respiratory tract secretions, especially mucus. Although outbreaks of ehm have been recognized for cen. The herpes virus has a unique adaptive mechanism to. Ehv1 can cause respiratory disease, abortion and neurologic disease. Of the nine types of herpes virus found in equidae, type1 ehv1, type3 ehv3, and type4 ehv4 are commonly found in horses. Equine herpesvirus1 myelopathy is the most presumptive clinical diagnosis.
California state veterinarian confirms 10 new cases. Virus, immunity and vaccines article pdf available in the open veterinary science journal 21. There are several strains of the virus, with ehv1 and ehv4 being most often involved in clinical disease. Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Ehv1, ehv3, and ehv4 are genetically and antigenically distinct groups of herpes viruses. Equine herpes virus colorado state university extension. Equine herpes virus synonyms, equine herpes virus pronunciation, equine herpes virus translation, english dictionary definition of equine herpes virus.
If you become aware of the presence of ehv1, causing abortion or neurological disease in horses, you must report it as soon as practicable to biosecurity queensland on 25 23 or contact the emergency disease watch hotline on 1800 675 888. Equine herpes virus ehv1 infection in horses can cause respiratory disease, abortion in mares, neonatal foal death and neurological disease. Equine herpes virus is caused by a family of viruses, with ehv 1,3, and 4 posing the most serious health risks. An analogy would be herpes simplex virus1 hsv1 that causes cold sores in humans. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1, formerly equine herpesvirus 1 ehv1, is a virus of the family herpesviridae that causes abortion, respiratory disease and occasionally neonatal mortality in horses. Infected foals are highly contagious and can transmit infection to other horses via the respiratory route through shedding virus into the environment. Equine herpesvirus definition of equine herpesvirus by. Indirect transmission virus can be viable for several weeks in the environment once it has been shed by the horse. Empf is strongly associated with infection by equine herpesvirus5 ehv5, a gammaherpesvirus. If a mother with an active infection on her lip kisses a child, the virus can be transmitted to the child, causing a localized skin lesion on the child. It causes a disease known as equine coital exanthema. Virus isolation is considered the gold standard laboratory diagnostic test. Equine herpes virus1 ehv1 is one of the most common respiratory pathogens of the horse.
Nov 09, 2005 equine herpesvirus 2 is a gammaherpesvirus that infects horses worldwide. Equine herpes is a widespread and deadly condition in horses caused by the equine herpes virus 1 ehv1. Shedding by the respiratory route typically lasts for 710 days, but can be much longer. The neurological form of the disease is known as equine herpes myeloencephalopathy ehm and may be caused by damage to blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord associated with ehv1 infection. The two most common strains are ehv1, which causes abortion, respiratory disease and neurologic disease. Equine herpes virus is a highly infectious viral disease with 5 different strains but the two most common strains are ehv1 and ehv4. A guide to understanding the neurologic form of ehv infection. Equine herpes viral respiratory disease is usually caused by ehv4 and is most commonly seen in weaned foals and yearlings, often in autumn and winter. We require all mares bred to gainesway stallions be vaccinated against ehv1 within 10 90 days prior to breeding. Equine herpes virus1 ehv1 is a virus that is ubiquitous in the environment and found in most horses all over the world. Interference with the blood supply leads to tissue damage and. The most common disease caused by both of these viruses is a mild upper respiratory tract infection.
The viruss ability to lay dormant for years in infected animals has stymied attempts to prevent its spread. About equine herpes virus pdf nz thoroughbred breeders. Equine herpesvirus 5 an overview sciencedirect topics. Nevertheless, in combination with specific clinical signs, a fourfold rise in titer can assist in diagnosis. The neurological form of equine herpes virus has occurred sporadically for many years, and although there does appear to be an increase in the ehv1 outbreaks across the country recently, it.
Equine herpes virus type 1 ehv1 and 4 ehv4 infections in horses and donkeys in northeastern turkey article pdf available in iranian journal of veterinary research 164 53. Zachary, in pathologic basis of veterinary disease sixth edition, 2017. Molecular characterization and pathogenesis of equine. Equine herpes virus ehv1 is a neurological disease that affects equine and camelids equine information. If an outbreak of respiratory disease occurs, affected animals should be isolated until they have fully recovered. Equine herpesvirus2 eye infection the horse owners. Best, to identify type of herpes virus dacron nasopharyngeal swabs pharynx virus transport media whole blood buffy coat edta or heparinized blood virus is shed from first infections for up to 12 dayscan also use swab for rapid test for influenza virus directigen kitkeep refrigerated not frozen. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy ehm is another name for the neurologic disease associated with equine herpesvirus ehv infections. When the virus is hiding, the risk for transmission is much lower. Six major glycoproteins of equine herpesvirus it journal of virology. Equine herpesvirus type1 ehv1 is an important and ubiquitous viral pathogen.
The horse had tachypnea with increased respiratory effort and was in thin body condition. Sep 25, 2012 a standardbred gelding with a history of 10 days pyrexia and lethargy was referred to the equine hospital at the swedish university of agricultural sciences in uppsala, sweden. Ferrarob adepartment of medicine and epidemiology, school of veterinary medicine, university of california, one shields avenue, davis, ca 95616, usa b center for equine health, school of veterinary medicine, university of california, davis, ca. What every horse owner should know client education ppt updated 2017 ehm guidelines for state animal health officials. Equine herpesvirus ehv myeloencephalopathy usda aphis. Equine herpes virus definition of equine herpes virus by. Herpes simplex virus type 2 human herpesvirus 2 genital herpes, cutaneous herpes, gingivostomatitis, neonatal herpes, viral meningitis, disseminated infection, hepatitis. American association of equine practitioners evh fact sheet. Equine herpes is also known as the cough or the virus. Equine herpes virus is a common virus in equine populations worldwide. It is spread from horse to horse, unlike west nile virus, which is emerging as an important cause of neurological disease in south africa6,7. The canine herpes virus chv causes a viral infection in puppies and adult dogs, coyotes and wolves. Equine herpes virus ehv1 information sheet march 16, 2016 ehv1 what is it. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 508k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page.
Among equine diseases, equine herpesvirus1 ehv1 infection is highly contagious. The neurologic disease is sometimes referred to as equine herpes myeloencephalopathy ehm. Both of these viruses are endemic in the horse population and the majority of horses in this country have been exposed to these viruses. Canine herpes virus infection in dogs symptoms, causes. Equine herpesvirus type 1 ehv1 business queensland. The neurologic form of ehv1 is called equine herpes virus myeloencephalopathy ehm.
It is unknown what causes some of the horses to develop the serious neurological forms that may be fatal. There are two main types of ehv which cause disease in horses, both of which are widespread and therefore all horses will be at risk of infection at some stage of their life. Ehv are viruses that are found in most horses all over the world. Aborted fetuses, fetal membranes andor fluids are significant sources of the virus. While vaccination may not prevent infection, it should.
The disease equine herpes virus1 ehv1 is a virus that is ubiquitous in the environment and found in most horses all over the world. Equine herpes virus ehv1 equine herpes virus ehv1 is found worldwide and infection is common. Equine herpesvirus 2 ehv2 infection in thoroughbred horses. Equine herpes virus new jersey equine herpes virus type 1 ehv1 is is found worldwide in the horse population, and most horses have been infected or exposed to it by 1 to 2 years of age.
It is highly specific and unequivocally confirms the presence of infectious virus. The organism is highly hostadapted and causes disease only in horses, donkeys and mules. Equine herpesvirus infections ehvl, ehv2, ehv3, ehv4. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in association with. Feb, 2017 outbreaks of ehv1 at racetracks and other horse facilities have been widely publicized with fatality rates as high as 40 percent. The disease is spread through direct and sexual contact and possibly through flies carrying infected vaginal discharge. Pdf nine equine herpesviruses ehv have been known to infect equines. The virus remains latent hidden in the body, and may be expressed at any time of the horses life, particularly when the animal is stressed.
Equine herpesvirus 1 ehv1 an alphaherpesvirus is an important cause of equine abortion and perinatal foal infection and death, in addition to myeloencephalitis. Equid alphaherpesvirus 3, formerly equine herpesvirus 3 ehv3, is a virus of the family herpesviridae that affects horses pathology. Equine herpesvirus type1 ehv1 is an important and ubiquitous viral pathogen of the. National report the california state veterinarians office reports 10 new cases of equine herpes virus evh1 have been confirmed today the multistate ehv1 outbreak is spreading with cases now extending beyond colorado and washington state. If an outbreak of respiratory disease occurs, affected animals. Equine breeding management and artificial insemination second edition, 2009. Equine strangles and equine herpes virus flashcards quizlet.
Equine herpesvirus is a common dna virus that occurs in horse populations worldwide. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 also cyhv3, koi herpes virus or khv is a species of virus causing a viral disease that is very contagious to the common carp cyprinus carpio. Equine herpes virus ehv1 infection in horses can cause respiratory disease, abortion in mares, neonatal foal death, andor neurologic disease. Equine herpesvirus 1 ehv1 virus habitat for horses. Equid alphaherpesvirus 3, formerly equine herpesvirus 3 ehv3, is a virus of the family herpesviridae that affects horses.
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